Dose Animal Farm Will Different When Change Napoleon to Snowball Essay

Power can change a kind personal to selfish person or make a person who is full of conceit become arrogant and greedy. In the animal farm, Napoleon is kind of a person, who is conceited and become greedy when he get all the political power. There is no alive democratic in the farm. But, when we change the chief of the Animal Farm, changing the Napoleon to Snowball, the animalism in the farm will revive. This short easy will analyze why Animal Farm will become better when Snowball has power. In the book, Napoleon is symbol of the dictatorship and Snowball is the symbol of the democratic. Cancel the animal assembly, build a cabinet, change the rule and build an arm to control the animal is what Napoleon did. But Snowball as a clever leader, he focus on the constructive work in the animal farm, building a windmill and set up a democratic policy which is every decision need discuss among the animal. Furthermore, snowball is quicker in speech and more inventive than Napoleon. He is the one who organizes the animals into various committees: the Egg Production Committee for hens, the Clean Tails League for the cows and erc. Snowball also has the wisdom in the battle and has prestige among the animal, success organizing animal to against Mr. Jon and his man. Although Snowball and Napoleon both agree they should drink milk and eat apple and both want to set up an arm, but Snowball not thought everything should be done for himself. When the animal farm has the problems, he tries to solve it and set up an education institution for animals. Moreover, combining with the history, Snowball represents figure of Leon Trotsky who draft the Soviet Union’s economic construction plan. Thus, if Snowball has a power, the society of animal farm would become flourishing.

Leed Certification Essay

Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is both a professional certification in sustainable building practices, and a grading scale on a structure’s environmental impact and sustainability (USGBC, 2008). A LEED certified professional is recognized as having completed the required course of curriculum in LEED and has successfully passed the LEED Certification exam. This allows a LEED certified professional to be able to work with colleagues of the construction industry in all aspects of a project to develop a LEED certified structure. Using LEED ensures a structure to be designed and built with the utmost attention to detail to assure that the structure is as environmentally friendly as possible. LEED Rating Systems exist for every area of the construction industry and range from the interior finishes of commercial buildings right down to resource consumption and health risks of residential structures (USGBC, 2008). The LEED certification exam covers the entirety of the LEED AP Handbook as well as several industry standard construction practices. The exam and handbook together will run almost $700 for a non- USGBC member to take and nearly $600 for members of both the USGBC and GBCI to take (GreenBuild, 2008). The exam is very rigorous and the study time required to take the exam is substantial. Most people take about 2 months of 20 a week study time to prepare for the exam (GBCI, 2008). Contrary to popular belief, becoming LEED Certified is not something that a person achieves, but it is the building that achieves it. The process of LEED certification has five different categories that insure that the build is a â€Å"green† building. There are five categories that are taken into account when building a LEED certified structure. They are sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality. This means that if all of these categories are met the building will be considered Green. It sounds easy, but is not that simple because there are different stages of being certified. The building is then, as the USGBC website says: â€Å"LEED certification provides independent, third-party verification that a building project meets the highest green building and performance measures. All certified projects receive a LEED plaque, which is the nationally recognized symbol demonstrating that a building is environmentally responsible, profitable and a healthy place to live and work. † (GBCI, 2008). The way that professionals achieve the ability to certify building is through attending LEED specific classes that are offered on the USGBC website. The USGBC’s website provides many different ways to become an accredited LEED professional. The first way is through online courses that are self-paced learning. The second way is through in house seminars. The online option offers three different classes to help increase an individual’s knowledge. The first course is the 100 level, awareness. This course is highly recommended for anyone who wants to take the more advanced 200 or 300 level courses. This course introduces a person to the principles of Green building and also serves as a base in which the person is able to build off of. The next Level of LEED certification is the 200 level, Understanding. In this level the person begins to take courses that deepen their knowledge of LEED and Green building. The first course on this level is the Essentials of LEED Professional Accreditation. This course was developed for people getting ready to take the LEED Accredited Professional exam. The next two just help the person understand Green building even more. They are LEED for Homes Program Review and LEED for General Contractors/Construction Managers. The third and final level, 300 Level: Application & Implementation offers several courses that offer courses that make the student apply their knowledge to real life situations and it challenges them to apply what they learned in the 200 level (GBCI, 2008). There are many different benefits that you can achieve by being having a LEED Certification. It proves to many people that you have achieved your environmental goals. Having a LEED Certification means that you have many government incentives, marketing benefits, and increased property values, which can help, boost the presses interest in your current project. Building green can also greatly reduce the cost to construction managers and tenants (USGBC, 2008). There are four different levels of certification that you can achieve. These are: Certified, Silver, Gold, and Platinum. Each level has its own special incentives to it. To gain a higher ranking you must accumulate credits. To accumulate credits you must have certain standards in your projects that benefit the environment. These consist of sustainable sites, water efficiency, energy and atmosphere, materials and resources, and indoor environmental quality (GBCI, 2008). Green Buildings can help the earth in so many ways. Being certified means that you build more environmentally friendly, which means that building green friendly can reduce the negative effect buildings and operations have on the environment. Also green building greatly decreases the chances of fire, explosions, spills or splashes. Building green also reduces health problems such as allergies. Finally, if you’re building green it calls for green cleaning. This means that the products used in cleaning these green buildings are also very environmentally safe. For example a stain on a carpet is taken care of with a mild cleaner. This not only protects the environment but can also help protect the furnishings in the long run (USGBC, 2008). Commissioning is a prerequisite of the LEED process. Commissioning involves an outside team of individuals that is not part of the design and construction team. The area of responsibility is to ensure compliance of â€Å"fundamental building elements and systems† with the LEED guidelines. The estimate commissioning cost is to be in the range of 0. 5 percent to three percent of construction costs (DCD, 2008). LEED has certain requirements on architects and engineers because these designers must assess how a project could best attain certification and prepare the design and specifications to reflect these additional requirements. In either case, participating in the LEED process adds time and effort to the design and specification phase of a project. The estimate is that traditional design costs range from eight to twelve percent of construction costs, and then the additional design costs for green buildings are in the range of 0. 4 percent to 0. 6 percent of the total construction cost. A significant weigh down of the LEED system is the need to document compliance with the various criteria in order to submit a package to the GBC for review and a decision on certification. This requires the establishment of a tracking and reporting system, which is often performed by a LEED consultant, rather than the design and construction team itself, and the tracking down of information that otherwise is not standard practice in specifying or sourcing systems and materials. The estimate of documentation and application fees as a percentage of total construction costs were found to be; the costs averaged 0. 7 percent of construction costs with a range from 0. 05 percent for a very large project to 3. 8 percent for a very small one (DCD, 2008). Where is LEED certification taking the construction industry? So far, businesses and governments worldwide are taking advantage of going green and looking into LEED. Several LEED certified buildings have already been built, but the future for green buildings is just now getting started. The past decade in green building has been a revolution in the construction industry and has no indication of a slow down. With numerous grants available for LEED projects by Governments and green organizations, LEED certified buildings are becoming more realistic and within reasonable costs to construct. We are just in the dawning of the â€Å"green age† and things are just starting to catch on with LEED. With new technologies, techniques, and equipment being invented all of the time, going green is becoming easier faster (Botelho, 2007). As for the future of the LEED industry, Governments are now starting to place requirements on construction projects to comply with their green specifications. Sometime in the future, every building constructed will have to meet Government specified codes that pertain to LEED. All of this is for the benefit of the environment and aims towards a better and healthier Earth (Botelho, 2007). In conclusion, LEED is taking the industry in a new direction and could someday be the standard for building any structure. Most professionals support the idea and there should be a take-off for green building in the near future. As for the cost, it ends up paying for itself over a period of time. LEED is proving more and more reasons why the construction industry needs to start adapting to the green future.

Main Strengths of Mill’s Utilitarianism

A) Explain the main strengths of Mills Utilitarianism? With rule utilitarianism you first have to agree to the general rule then after you apply it to specific cases. Some people see Mill as a rule utilitarian, which means that you act in accordance with those rules which, if generally followed, would provide the greatest general balance of pleasure over pain.This rule is also in line with how society works in the way that most people would prefer to cause pleasure rather than pain. Mill separates pleasure into higher and lower as that he thinks some pleasure like higher is more for the soul and are long term and will benefit you as a person and the lower pleasures which are more material and offer short term pleasure but not the sort that lasts.He use the saying ‘Better to be a human dissatisfied than a pig satisfies; Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied‘ to show the differences between the two pleasures as that you can be a human dissatisfied which is better than being a pig who is satisfied as that you are may not be happy or content but you are doing good which is better than someone who is happy and content but doing bad. There are two types of rule utilitarian.There is the strong rule utilitarian and there is the weak rule utilitarian and they can be identified by the strong utilitarian’s principles should never be broken and the weak rule utilitarian’s principles has a bit of give in the way you can apply it to a particular situation over the general rule. The strong form of the theory maintains that rules established through the application of utilitarian principle should never be broken. This means that there is no give in the rules and if you break the rules than you are going against the rule utilitarian act.The weak version allows for the possibility that those same utilitarian principles can take precedence in a particular situation over a general rule. However, the rule would still form part of the decision making process. The rules should be formulated first, based on the utilitarianism principles. The individual can then judge whether specific acts are acceptable. So the rule utilitarian is more like a guide line and you as a person can choice whether you want to follow each certain act or not. It is a simple and common sense philosophy which people in the twenty first century feel able to apply.This is a big strength as that Mill lived almost two hundred years ago and you can still apply it today and use it to live your life even though nearly everything has changed. It is also fair and suits democratic society as that if everyone is living in society and abiding by the same rule it makes it easier for society to determine what is right and wrong but it is also fair as that first you agree to the general rule then you apply it to specific case so each individual is different and you can bend the rule is you can but only in specific cases.One of the biggest strength is that it is a universa l rule, accessible whatever culture, religion and society so that it can be applied to everyone and everyone knows where they stand with it, because it is universal you can be more comfortable when communicating with people of religions you will feel more secure. B) Utilitarian’s can lead to wrong decisions. Discuss? Utilitarian often means basic, practical and plain. Some people would regard a plain, simple action or thing to be ‘good’, and complicated, sophisticated approaches to be ‘wrong’.An action which is judge useful and purposeful is known as a ‘good action’. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) is one of the most recent utilitarian’s to add his input onto how we live in society. He came to argue for a principle of utility, his means that an action should be judged good or bad by looking at its outcome and if an action produces benefits, advantages, pleasure, good or happiness it is ‘good’. Bentham defined society as a ‘’collection of individuals’’. A decision, followed by an action governed by that decision, is judge to be good by its having brought about a maximum amount of pleasure should out among the greatest number of people’. Bentham came up with the theory of the Hedonic Calculus and it is a system by which pleasure can be quantified. The hedonic calculus is split into six sections and each section is like a question and from the answers of each question at the end you can come to a conclusion which can measure the amount of pleasure a thing can give.Intensity, Duration, Purity, Certainty, Propinquity and Extent are the six sections in which you put a problem in too and at the end you get an answer of which the most pleasure will go to and if it is a higher or lower pleasure. There are difficulties’ with Bentham’s theory like the Hedonic Calculus as it makes a quantative judgement of pleasure as can one action produce the same amount of pleas ure as another and can differing pleasures be measured using units of measurements. It also relies on pleasure as a universal as pleasure for his reatest number assumes that everyone will find the same things pleasurable and we know that each person has there own stuff they like and dislike as we are individuals. So one persons pleasure like classical music is someone else pain like a rockstar. ‘The only good is pleasure and the evil is pain’. This statement is false as that you cannot judge good on one specific action and you can’t judge evil on one action either peoples perception on good and evil changes as no one person is the same a the next.So having a tattoo can give someone pleasure as that they are getting something they like inked onto their skin forever and they will get great pleasure from it but to another person that could be the worst thing ever as it hurts and cause you pain for a time. On the other hand studying for you’re A levels can be hard and temporarily painful at the time but eventual cause pleasure on results day when you get good grades. This is also higher and lower pleasure which are measure on the whole not as an individual.

The Challenges to IPR Posed by the Internet Term Paper

The Challenges to IPR Posed by the Internet - Term Paper Example The Internet has revolutionized the availability of information and legal boundaries of digital property have been subject to increasing uncertainty in a knowledge-based economy. Information is the new mantra that spells success in the modern world. Intellectual capital is important and the use of business worldwide webs spells power. Before the advent of the Internet and technology, it was physically a tedious job to reproduce and distribute plagiarized copied of copyrighted works in a physical environment and making of such copies was also a relatively expensive process. However, as Lawrence Lessig points out, the online environment is so structured that a page can be copied without leaving a trace so that the footprints of the pirate are difficult to track.   Hannabuss has highlighted the ethical issues that arise in the realm of intellectual property because through the facility of the Internet,   infringement has become increasingly easy, and it is a simple matter to â€Å" pass off† someone else’s creation as one’s own. IP rights that were once deemed to be adequate to exercise the right mix of control between preserving the creativity and economic incentive of the copyright owner vis a vis the use of the material by the public for fair dealing purposes, is being challenged by the jumps in technology. The evolution of the electronic medium for the purpose of transacting business has created a complex set of legal issues that are at variance with already established legal precedents.   

Marketing Essential Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Marketing Essential - Assignment Example The return on assets of the bank was only 0.65% as compared to the average industry return approximated to be only 0. 81%. According to research, this low performance was due to the low interest from the public sector, that gives about 48% of the deposits and 28% of the loans (Thomas 2001). The country's government, in its proposed housing report has given a directive to the Bank to give 100% mortgage finances to its civil servants for three years (Roger 2000). The strategic plan of the Bank for the period starting 2001 to 2004 does not however include this directive from the government, as the competition for the deposits is still high . This situation therefore is a clear indication that the Bank has a great task to manage and give funding for this kind of loan deposits if it's to work with the guidelines of the Central Bank. The government, however, has given the Bank an opportunity to increase its market share as the deal would generate more money. Therefore, there need to raise the required money through deposits, while giving the Bank a greater market share in the local industry and increase the profits for the bank in the coming three years. This has been analyzed by looking at both the internal and external factors. The external factors has taken a look at the â€Å"macro-environment† , and the rivals in the market, while the internal factors was the analysis of the performance of the Bank, its management, infrastructure, the mission statement and its market coverage. There was the â€Å"SWOT† analysis that was aimed at identifying the Bank's strengths, weakness, opportunities and the threats. The analysis gives the Bank an indication that their need to change the strategies the bank used that and to give the market coverage the importance. This does not show that the Bank should ignore its existing market such as giving service to the public sector but refocusing the already being used mission. This would help the bank to achieve her stat ed objectives over time. Introduction The directive by the government to the Bank to give mortgaging, financing to the public servants puts the bank in a hard situation to get the deposits required to finance these servants. The mortgages will have a repayment period of 15 years with the interest rates based on 7. 5 per annum. The mortgage amount the Bank is expected to raise for the civil servants is $ 65 million and according to a research the new mortgage plan is to amount to $10 million in the first year, $18 million in the second year, and $37 million in the third year. This marketing plan for the Bank is intended to enable it raise the required funds for the directive, while to secure a strong position in the market industry and get higher profits for the 3 year period and the future plan (Carl 2000). In order to achieve this objective, the Bank had to deal with the issue of retaining the existing customers, come up with new customers, raise the $65 million to fund the civil s ervants over the next three years, increase her market share, maintain loans to deposit ratio to be in line with central bank's guidelines (appendix A), and to increase the company profits (Mintel 2001). Analysis of the Company Situation Competition In the country, there are four other related banks that offer similar services as the Kenya Commercial Bank. The banks include, the Barclays bank, the Standard Chartered bank, the Equity Bank, and K-Rep bank. These banks have all been successful in their

The Success Of BMW Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Success Of BMW Company - Assignment Example It explains the reason why the company has chosen focussed differentiation as the most suitable alternative. The strategy to produce luxury cars of the best quality using the latest technology provides reasons why it has evolved as the most luxurious brands used by the high-income groups in society. Then, the project assesses the key resources and capabilities which have been used by the company in the last five years. Lastly, the company’s present strategies have been evaluated in comparison to its future competition in terms of suitability, feasibility, and acceptability. The critical success factors identify the key issues that organizations should focus on to attain success. It refers to the specific areas where satisfactory results would yield competitive success for the individual, department or department. The critical factors which account for the success of BMW include industry, competitive strategies, environmental factors, managerial position and temporal factors. The most important factor that has been the key to the company’s progress towards success is its brand image. Its brand strength is so high that it allows product changes to take place smoothly and without any hurdles. It can easily introduce new products in the market without losing its share of the market. The company would also continue to attain success as long as the new products introduced under the original brand continues to meet customer requirements in terms of image, quality, and value (Ward, Srikanthan & Neil, 1990, p.10). The automobile industry has been undergoing a process of transition since the last few years. The number of suppliers is supposed to come down from 5500 to 2800 by 2015. Among the independent manufacturer's mention may be made of Fiat, Ford, Honda, and Porsche. The BMW has to compete with the above companies to be in the limelight.

Give comments to personal statements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Give comments to personal statements - Essay Example The fascination is the basis of his personal and career goals to major in Software Engineering. He envisions building his game development company. Collins believes his determination will be crucial in pursuing Ph.D. in either Robotics, Intelligence or Theoretical Physics (Lam, 2015). Collin’s good background education on computers will see him through his computer career. In fact, he has already been successful in developing games in high school and the recent Edrenium with positive feedbacks. Willis Hougland’s love for Lego toys is the basis of his career given the mental development and dexterity of hands that comes with the childhood toys as evident with development of remote cars and full size cars in high school. At the University of Colorado, he majors in component design develops, and a drill powered vehicle and knowledge in software design, as well as skills on metalworking and welding, helps him in developing a contestable bike. His leadership skills are put to test when acting as Head of Manufacturing Engineering where he diagnoses problems especially poor designs (Johansen, & Johansen, 2011). Education and personal skills will undoubtedly make his goals achievable. Kirsten Chun’s love for medicine as a career begins with early childhood experience as she watches successful x-rays by the father. Cancer experience with her mother and at the women healthcare center is also the reasons for her fascination with physiology and medicine. Therefore, she would like to contribute to the expansion of medicine knowledge. Working with women helped her develop excellent patient care skills and stresses the need for compassion (Cipolle, Strand, & Morley, 2012). She plans to get back to Hawaii and attend A. Burns Medical School and believes her diligence and affectionate personality will add to the diversity of the university

What Impact did Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case have on Coursework

What Impact did Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court case have on the reduction of racial discrimination in America - Coursework Example ideration of the rights of every American citizen thereby overturning the discriminative legislations that existed in the country’s education system before as the discussion below portrays. The Supreme Court ruling declared that other previous laws that informed the institution of separate schools for both black and white communities null and void. Apparently, American laws sustained discrimination in every sector of the economy with the country’s education system having systematic laws banning the integration of the two communities. An 1879 Kansas law permitted the creation and operation of separate elementary schools among other educational facilities for both the whites and the blacks1. The law however did not restrict the formation and composition of the schools. This portrayed the state’s recognition of the discriminative social structure thus the creation of equally discriminative social structures. In the ruling, the Warren court made a unanimous ruling overturning such laws by stating "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal†. The ruling was fundamental since it determined that the de jure  racial segregation  was a violat ion of the Equal Protection Clause  in the country’s Fourteenth constitutional amendment. The ruling was a major success to most of the civil rights activists and the abolitionist campaigners thereby setting stage for integration of communities in the country. The plaintiffs in the case were a group of thirteen parents who instituted the case against the Board of Education in Topeka, Kansas. The parents represented twenty children who experienced various instances of racial discrimination in the city. Oliver Brown joined the case thereby becoming the main plaintiff in the case after deliberation with the other thirteen parents. Apparently, Brown’s daughter Linda studied at Monroe Elementary school situated about two kilometer away2. The young girl would walk for more than six blocks before boarding a bus to

What is Globalization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

What is Globalization - Assignment Example In the perspective of international business, its impacts range from manufacturing, production, promotion, consumption, commercial exchange, and distribution. Large companies go for internationalization (i) To grow the size of its marketing and operations (ii) To gain new skills through host country workers (ii) To increase its strategic assets and profit. Small and medium-sized companies internationalize (i) To increase their revenue (ii) to utilize the resources in host countries which are not locally available In individualistic cultures, individuals are more oriented towards personal objectives rather than the benefits of the community or group while in collectivist cultures; people usually have more associations with the interests of the groups like national interest, family interests, and community perspectives. Economists generally measure the economic performance of a country by considering it GDP rate, inflation rate, unemployment rate, foreign currency reserves, currency exchange rates, national income and growth rate per capita, and balance of payment. Ethical consumerism, transparency and trust, employee motivation, increased public expectations of business, laws and regulations, crises and their consequences, and stakeholder priorities are the basic motivational factors behind the global corporate responsibility. From manufacturing to sale in the competitive markets, each and every new product has to pass through a series of stages. It includes introduction, growth, maturity, and decline stages. In a corporate world, these sequential stages are known as Product Life Cycle (PLC). Since Product Life Cycle is closely connected with continuous changes in local and global markets, therefore, it has direct effects on the business plan, corporate strategies, and marketing mix. Blue Ocean Strategy is actually an attempt made by some new or unknown industry or product to capture an uncontested space in the market.  

Understanding the Punk Rock Culture Essay Example for Free

Understanding the Punk Rock Culture Essay Music has become one of the most effective and influential tools in various cultures all over the world. For several years, it has evolved into different kinds of genre such as opera music, hip hop, rap, RB, grunge rock, metal rock, death rock, emo rock, alternative music and techno music. Aside from these types of music, there is this style that is quite enthralling compared to those of its varieties. Some thinks that it is a movement for rebellion; others perceive it as a form of free thinking. Anyhow, it just seem to be misunderstood. These opinions refer to Punk Rock and its culture. In order to further discuss the fascinating facts about it, the history of Punk Music should be known first. The initial form of punk rock, named protopunk in retrospect, began as a garage rock revival in the northeastern United States of America in the late 1960s. In this year, Punk Rock is said to be seen as the primitive guitar-based rock and roll of bands in the United States. During the years of 1970’s the evolution of Punk Rock started occurring in the said state. This music referred to the anti-establishment movement between the years of 1970-1980. Punk rock, by contrast, accentuated simplicity of musical organization, moving with a principle called â€Å"Do it yourself† (DIY). This stated that any person could establish a punk rock band. With its distinguishing fast beats and hard-edged music, Punk Rock has proliferated into other cities and countries such as the United Kingdom and London. It has also evolved into different types such as hardcore punk, street punk, skate punk and the likes. From the time of the beginning of Punk Rock, several major label record companies have thought of trying profit from underground punk culture. The only hindrance was that these companies felt that promoting such underground music would not sell and would only give negative reputation to them. Most of the songs of Punk Rock are written to influence the public with political views, social awareness, reform, or just about the band’s own experiences. Their ideologies as Punk musicians are also used as themes of their compositions. It was a dystopian style of music which was originally similar to underground, minimalist rock and roll and later evolved into more diverse form of music. Most punk rock songs are made short, uncomplicated and is arranged using moderately few chords compared to other varieties of music. It is usually performed in small bands rather by solo musicians. Punk bands, in most of the time, consist of a singer who could also be one of the instrumentalists, one or two overdriven electric guitarists, an electric bass player and a drummer. The vocals typically includes shouted slogans, chants and choruses rather than charming, harmonic ones that most pop bands usually use to catch the audience’s attention. Punk also had ways to get the attention of the public. Seeing through their method of using outrageous clothing, hairstyles, tattoos, jewelries and other body modification would tend to create misunderstandings or misjudgments about them. The early punk fashion included ripped clothes, razor blades, safety pins, tape, marker or paint. Some wore leather, vinyl and rubber clothing, tight jeans, plaid trousers, skirts, t-shirts and leather jacket. Their hairstyle could rather be a Mohawk-styled, spiked, skin-headed, or dyed. Other hardcore punks in the post-1980’s who were against this kind of fashion preferred wearing only plain white t-shirts and jeans. These punks made an argument that punk should just be a classified in terms of music or ideology. Their fashion sense also depended on their way of thinking or perceiving matters. In a community of Punks, the number of male followers was said to be larger than the female followers. Compared to some alternative cultures, punk was closer to being gender equalist in terms of its philosophy. Ironically, almost all were white during those moments, even though they live by an anti-racism ideology. They were fond of organizing local music scenes to gather all punks coming from the different sides of earth. Punks had their way of showing their aesthetical views. Punk art was usually minimalistic, iconoclastic, satirical and very underground. Themes varied from different political issues such as social injustice, economic inequality, etc. Their artworks were showcased in album covers, flyers and punk zines which were made in an underground press. Black and white artworks were the early types of produced punk art. Punks had their own way of dancing too. Pogo dancing and moshing were dance styles associated with punk subculture. There were also punk-themed films produced. Music videos and skate videos were some of the common skate-themed films created. Some of the original footage of punk bands was used in documentaries. Punks also had their own viewpoints to consider. Punk-related ideologies were mostly about individualism, freedom and anti-establishment. Other common ideologies were concerned with anti-authoritarianism, DIY ethic, direct action, non-conformity, anti-racism, anti-capitalism, anti-sexism, anti-homophobia, environmentalism, animal rights, veganism, nihilism which was based on their unconcern for the present and their disaffection from both middle and working class principles and the likes. Punk nihilism was expressed in the use of more self-destructive substances like heroin or methamphetamine and by the principle regarding mutilation of the body that made use of razor blades. Punk had a lasting influence on all popular music, and a flourishing subculture can still be found almost anywhere in the United States. Different kinds of music were influenced by Punk Rock; Punk Rock was also influenced by other forms of music. Glam Rock had a huge influence in protopunk, early punk and glam punk. Punk and heavy metal subcultures shared similarities. Metal scenes hand an influence on protopunk. Punk and Hip hop emerged at the same time in New York and shared similarities in their subcultures. In the punk and hardcore subcultures, members or the scene are often evaluated in terms of the genuineness of their dedication to the standards or philosophies of the scene, which may range from political beliefs, social issues, etc. There truly were things that are very unlikely in a Punk’s lifestyle. This was the reason why they are misunderstood. In an instance, in a photography gallery opening during a fieldwork, there was a jazz guitarist who created a positive atmosphere for the listeners. The music was appropriate for the setting; it was used to enhance the art being shown. As people would stare into the photography, the reception of the pieces they were looking at would change with the songs. You could feel moods shift and receptions of pieces move with the change of a song. The music unintentionally helped guide people for how to feel. In the same way punk rock music fuels the fire of its subculture. The speed of the music energized the young followers, and its lyrics preached a philosophy to deviate. The music sounded different and the people acted different, the bawdy lyrics were transferred into real life. Any music could have an effect to the listeners. Music is the only thing that is constant in life. Music sets the mood of the audiences and influences their different points of view. Those who share the same preferences are likely to have the same types of music or clothing. Compared to other types of genre, Punk Rock music is one of the most enthralling and extreme kind. With Punk Culture’s out of this world principles, lifestyle and preferences, other people would find it unfavorable and bizarre. People who do not appreciate punk music seem to have an impression that punks are very pessimistic about reality. They seem to oppose almost all social issues and exaggerate all matters in life. From the population of individuals all over the world, the followers of Punk Culture and Punk Rock Music only hold few of it. That is why they seem quite extraordinary compared to other individuals. Punks would always be misunderstood and misinterpreted by people especially those who are not aware of the history of Punk Culture. They are more inclined to have the same opinion with the thoughts of individualism and an anti-establishment mindset. Punks are seemed to be the non-conformists of the world. They are the ones who are not frightened of striking out in audacious new directions. They show how brave they are to people by fighting for their own ideologies and by not worrying what others would think of regarding their physical appearance, social status, inclinations and extreme principles. They may appear as though they are overstating things and that they are quite close-minded, but that is how they wanted to be perceived. Even though Punks contain bizarre practices, they still are people who could change depending on the circumstances and environment. Music is just one of the many things that could change the perceptions of individuals. It just so happened that Punks could relate to the principles of Punk Rock Music and Culture.

The Role Of Tourism In Our Modern World

The Role Of Tourism In Our Modern World Tourism may be further defined as the movement of people away from their normal place of residence (J. Christopher Halloway, 1998) This definition describes tourism as an action to see something new or different from daily life. The tourism industry is constantly growing and the economics of some countries are mainly based on it. Tourism can be seen in association with a lot of different factors like visitors attractions and hospitality. This essay will deal with the multi-disciplinary nature of tourism as well as the Travel and Transport and especially on the railways industry. Furthermore will it focus on the history and the current practice in the railway industry. Tourism is multi-disciplinary. One of its natures are Visitors attractions. J. Christophe Holloway and Neil Taylor described Visitor Attractions as followed. So we must accept that no clear definition exists for the term. It is easiest just to accept that any site that appeals to people sufficiently to encourage them to travel there in order to visit it should be judged a `visitor attraction`. (J. Christopher Holloway and Neil Taylor,2006) They can be categorized by factors like being built with a touristic purpose or being built with no touristic background. Examples of attractions which had during their construction no touristic purpose are The Eiffel Tower in the Paris and the Little Mermaid Statue in Copenhagen. These attractions attract in our modern world millions of tourist to Paris or Copenhagen. These examples are the best proves that attractions can be build without a touristic hidden thought. The tourists visiting a attraction need an accommodation in case they are not day-tripper. The accommodation sector can be divided in the non-profit and the profit sector. The non-profit includes the visiting friends and relatives, which are still very important for tourism even though they are not spending any money on accommodation as tourists will still spend money throughout their stay in the area of interest. This category also includes hostels which do not try to make a profit. The second sector has to make a profit to survive. This sectors comprises BB, hotels and campings. Transportation is also part of the tourism because it brings the tourists to attractions and accommodation. The most common transportation method is nowadays the plane. Other ways which are to consider are the coach or the train. The train was over the last decades suffering with falling numbers of passengers but seems now to be on the right track. Water-borne transport can be seen as a form of transportation which includes ferries or as a place of relaxation also on ocean liners which is getting more and more popular in the recent years. Travel trading changed in the last few years. Travel agencies are used to be the place where every tourist has to book his holiday. In our modern society, a lot of people are using the internet for bookings. They leave the local travel agent out and book their holiday directly by the tour operator or by the coach company online. The travel agents reacted by creating online platforms as Expedia.co.uk which are in direct competition to tour operators. Every holiday booking saves the workplace of several employees working in the travel industry. The money spend, has also an effect on the local economy as an the travel destination. An example, which illustrates this, is a holiday booked over the internet in the UK. One the hand, the tour operator or the online travel agency benefits in their UK head office. On the other hand, the local population at the destination profits from it. This example shows that people all over are making profit from holiday or a travel booked. The historic development of the travel and transport sector is quite impressive. It all started when people from Egyptian were travelling to visit other cities, their culture and architecture. Unfortunately was the end of the Roman Empire at the same time the end of travel in his earliest form. People had to wait till the 16th century before starting travelling again(?). People at that time had tree possibilities to travel. One of them was walking, which was dedicated to poor people. The second one was riding a horse which was for richer people. Last but not least, carrier wagons or a litter were the other possibilities to travel. In the 19th century was a big change for the travel and transport industry as it resulted in a revolution for this industry. In the early part of the century, the invention of the railway had a great impact on travelling. The time of travel was reduced massively and people were able to travel in less than 10 days from London to Edinburgh(Quote). The first r ailway segment was opened in the UK in 1825 between Stockton and Darlington, from then on a lot of different train routes were opened in the upcoming years all over the world. The last great line was opened 1903 in Russia between Moscow and Vladivostok. The number of passenger was growing. The railway was much more comfortable and faster than the ordinary travel by road or on canal. Their success was created in a short period of time because of its reliability and was soon the most important method of transport. Thomas Cook was involved in the success of the train due to his usage of the railway as a way to bring tourists to their holiday destinations. Later, in the early 19th century the private railway companies were not able to handle the enormous costs. Most of the companies were in serious financial trouble. The only solution to save these companies was the involvement of the governments. Most of the countries in Western Europe were so dependent from their national railways com panies that they were not able to afford the bankruptcies of these companies. The trouble for the railways companies was not over after their nationalization. The development of new transport possibilities after the Second World War like the plane brought the railway industry in new trouble. In the 1960ties more and more people were using coaches and their private car to go on holiday. The railway industry had no appropriated answer to these new ways of travel and followed their same old strategy. Nowadays, the railway industry changed a lot . At the end of the 20th century most of the railways services all over Europe were denationalized. The private owners made them more competitive. The denationalization was indeed good for the industry but mainly for the customer because prices get more competitive. Todays marketing concepts like party trains from London to the French Alps and discounts for people over 55 are used to attract people and to persuade them to travel with trains. A major trend can be seen all over the world to use high speed trains like the TGV and the ICE in Europe and the Shinkasen in Japan. The railway industry is catching up with new features to make the journey more comfortable for their passengers. In todays world passengers are able to obtain WIFI connections and audio entertainment services. These features are currently spreading in different forms of transport but are not available on all routes when it comes to for exapmle WIFI connection in trains. Nevertheless will WIFI be the norm in a few years time as well as video screens in the backseat with possibilities to game or to watch videos during your travel. The railway stations are not only placse of leaving and arriving trains but they are getting more and more places which have shops in it. (Mintal ,2008) One of the examples to illustrate this statement can be found in Scotland more preciously in Aberdeen. The shopping Centre gives the possibility to go from the centre itself to the railway station. Another example is the Hauptbahnhof in Berlin where you can find all sort of shops. The railway industry is getting more and more innovative to attract and to persuade more people to see trains as an alternative to coaches, planes or cars. Another trend, which is getting more and more popular, is the nostalgia of the trains. Alone in the UK there are several old trains running regularly as the Scotsman. The travel time varies from only a few hours to several days like The Ghan in Australia which is travelling between Melbourne and Sydney. These trains are normally extremely luxurious and are targeting old people. There are three major trends in the future. One trend is to have high-speed trains which have a lot of multimedia features. Another future ambition is to operate trains on historical routes with all desirable luxury amenities. Currently the most recent trend is to convert normal railway stations to a sort of shopping centres. The travel industry changed over the last years. They changed with new possibilities as the world wide web. The travel industry is in a permanent change to be up-to-date and to come up with new ideas. The railway industry, which suffered over the last four decades due to mismanagement and falling passenger numbers, also changed. Their denationalization had a positive effect on the whole industry which can be seen every day. As it was already mentioned earlier on, the industry is getting more innovative to catch up their arrears to other industries like the airline industry and the coach industry.

sleep apnea Essay -- essays research papers fc

Sleep Apnea Human Physiology – Biology 60 The dictionary defines sleep as â€Å"The natural periodic suspension of consciousness during which the powers of the body are restored† (Webster’s 638) If one is waking up on an average of 300 times per night, the chances of complete body restoration are minimal. The Greek word apnea literally means â€Å"without breath†. An estimated 30 million Americans stop breathing during their sleep sometimes 30-40 times per hour and often for a minute, or longer each time. Of these, about 20 million are in the early stages, and about 10 million have progressed to a level of severity that requires treatment. According to the National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, about 38,000 Americans die of sleep disorder related problems each year (Internal Medicine Alert 98). Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a potentially deadly sleep disorder, where by the uvula and soft pallet collapse on the back wall of the upper airway causing the cessation of breathing and a d rop in blood pressure. The hearts need for oxygen increases during apneic episodes, when someone stops breathing carbon dioxide slowly builds up in the bloodstream and the oxygen level quickly decreases (Melville 52). Eventually a signal from the brain triggers the body to partially wake up, this action causes blood pressure to increase, breathing, then resumes, and the cycle begins again. (See figure 1)1 Once the breathing resumes the oxygen level then begins to rise, the heart starts pumping much faster than normal, raising the blood pressure to dangerously high levels. These occurrences night after night increase the risk of damaging small organs and can trigger small strokes. Figure 1 There are three types of apnea: Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA), the most common, caused when the soft tissue in the rear of the throat collapses and closes. The second type is Central Sleep Apnea; instead of the airway collapsing the brain fails to signal the muscles to breath. The third type is Mixed Apnea and as the name suggests it is a combination of OSA and Central Apnea. This paper will focus on OSA, the history, risks, diagnosis, and treatment. OSA is a vastly undiagnosed and untreated disorder and is becoming one of America’s most serious general health issues. As more rese... ... to recognize sings and symptoms seem to be a thing of the past. Works Cited Alonso-Fernandez, Alberto, et al. "Cardiac rhythm disturbances and ST-segment depression episodes in patients with OSA-Hypopnea syndrome and its mechanisms." Chest 127 (2005): 15-23. Dement, William C. The Promise of Sleep. New York: Dell, 2000. 167-193. Dreher, H. Michael, and Regina M. Willard. "Wake up call for sleep apnea." Nursing 2005 Mar. 2005: 46. Holten, Keith B. "How should we diagnose and treat obstructive sleep apnea?" Journal of Family Practice 53 (2004): 202. Melville, Nancy A. "Sleep apnea's O2 disruption has diverse effects." Family Practice News 34 (2004): 52-53. Parsell, D.. "Sleep on it: fitful slumber tied to diabetes risk." Science News 25 Sept. 2004: 195-196. "Risk factors in sleep disorder breathing." Internal Medicine Alert 23 (2003): 97-100. Sleep Apnea screening and diagnosis. 21 July 2004. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Reasearch. 22 Mar. 2005 . Sullivan, Michele G. "Palatal implants decrease snoring, may lessen obstruction." Family Practice News 34 (2004): 52.

Computer Crimes Essay -- Security

Computer Crimes Computer crimes are a major issue in the world today. They are taken place in people’s home, office, and in lots of places. A person should be very cautious about the type of personal information that they enter on there someone else’s computer as well as there own. These things could come back to haunt you in the future. Criminal activity where a computer or network is the source, target, place or tool of a crime is what we call computer crime. Some other terms for computer crime are cybercime, e-crime, hi-tech crime, and electronic crime. None of these categories are exclusive and many activities can be characterized as falling in one or more category. Even though it states that the computer crime is when something takes place when the computer or network is a necessary part of the crime, there are some terms that are used to include traditional crimes. Some of the traditional crimes are fraud, theft, blackmail, forgery, and embezzlement when the computers or networks are used to facilitate the illicit activity. There are a lot of different criminal activities that can be considered computer crime. Some examples of these activities are misuse of devices, forgery (theft id), electronic fraud, illegal access (unauthorized access), Trojan horses, cyberterrorism, email abuse/harassment, and data interference (unauthorized damaging, deletion, deterioration, alteration or suppression of computer data) are just a few. Forgery is a computer crime that can be perpetrated using the hardware components of the computer without the usage of the internet. For example, using Microsoft Word to type my signature when I did not actually right it and neither did you but it is still a computer crime that you committed. A Trojan... ...laint center, dubbed IC3, compiles its figures by drawing on the flood of complaints pouring into U.S. law enforcement and regulatory agencies. Results show that the most reported crime was Internet auction fraud which ranked 45 percent of all complaings. Another big percentage of complaints was non delivery of merchandise or payment which had a big 19 percent. Computer crimes are definitely on the rise. They are something that everyone who owns or even works on a computer should be careful of. There are a lot of crooked people out here in this world and everyone should take caution. You should also take caution when entering personal information on any computer. References: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_crime http://www.fsu.edu/~crimdo/TA/hao/computercrime2.htm http://www.usnews.com/usnews/news/badguys/070416/top_10_internet_crimes_of_2006.htm

The Hunchback Of Notre Dame :: essays research papers

A gem that has several very visible flaws; yet, with these flaws, "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" shines as the best from the Disney factory yet. For, at first, the company name and movie title didn't quite appear to sit well together. You don't marry the king of novel Gothic gloom (Mr. Victor Hugo) with one of the world's most beloved (if not biggest) animation companies and expect the usual world population to be at the reception; but expect even Mr. Walt Disney to pat himself on the shoulder blade (or what's left of it) for allowing a hideous hunchback to be transformed into a Gene Kelly-Incredible Hulk combo type of hero. This "hero" is Quasimodo (Tom Hulce), which by the way means half-formed. It's about his distorted education (whoever teaches the alphabet using abomination, blasphemy, condemnation, damnation and eternal damnation ?), his humiliation (being crowned the king of fools), his first love and his big, big heart. It's about how our outward appearances should not matter (sounds familiar?). It's about believing in yourself but not being self-righteous. And it's about reliving the magic of Oscar-nominated "Beauty and the Beast", directed by Kirk Wise and Gary Trousdale (both, incidentally, were also responsible for "Hunchback".) Wise and Trousdale obviously had a vision that didn't exactly conform to your usual "and they lived happily ever after" type of fairy tale. They employed a lot of artistic license when rewriting the plot. It was, after all, a cartoon; but they didn't allow it to become an excuse to dissolve the poignancy and tragedy into nothingness. Quasimodo did not get the girl. Nobody exactly lived "happily ever after". There was an amazing amount of implicit blood and violence. All that with Quasimodo's unrestrained outburst near the end and the best animated celluloid representation of the kiss contribute to the real emotions that flowed from the characters. Talking about being real, the drawings in "Hunchback" were simply breathtaking. The two directors and chief artists actually made their way to the famed Notre Dame cathedral in Paris to experience first hand the magnificence and beauty of it. For ten whole days, they walked through, looked from, sat on, literally lived and breathed Notre Dame. The artists even "swatched" some dirt just to match the colour! The result was such artistry that even George Lucas and Steven Spielberg would have wanted to call their own. The scenes in the market place, the panoramic view of the steps of Notre Dame and beyond all left me gaping in wonder and sheer excitement that such representation could be possible through animation; it's all thanks to computer animation.

Hand Sanitiser

Lab Management Assignment Hand Sanitizer 2012 xxx [Pick the date] HAND SANITISER * * A hand sanitizer or hand antiseptic is a supplement or alternative to hand washing with soap and water. * Various preparations are available, including gel, foam, and liquid solutions. * The active ingredient in hand sanitizers may be isopropanol, ethanol, n-propanol, povidone-iodine. * Inactive ingredients in alcohol rubs typically include a thickening agent such as polyacrylic acid for alcohol gels, humectants such as glycerin for liquid rubs, propylene glycol, and essential oils of plants. Alcohol based hand sanitizers are more effective at killing germs than soaps and do not dry out hands as much. * Common non-alcohol, rinse-free hand sanitizer brands use either small concentrations of the nitrogenous cationic surface-acting agent benzalkonium chloride or the chlorinated aromatic compound triclosan or povidone-iodine * All hand sanitizer products require NDC designation in United States and NPN d esignation in Canada. Hand sanitizer is controlled as a biocide in Europe. Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers: Dr.Bronner's Organic Hand Sanitizing Spray, Purell, Germ-X, GermFree, Hygel, Deb, Aqium, Dettol, Avant, Germ Out, Aquawet, Method Products. Non- Alcohol Based Hand Sanitizers: Gold Bond Ultimate, MicroAromor, Hy5, Soapopular, Handclens. HAND SANITIZERS WITH THEIR USAGE ; INGREDIENTS Hand Sanitizer Brands| Places of Use| Active Ingredients| Inactive Ingredients| Efficacy| Application| Dr. Bronner's Organic Hand Sanitizing Spray| Home & Hospitals| 62% Organic Ethanol| Water, Organic Glycerine, Organic Lavender Oil. Gram positive, and Gram negative bacteria, yeast and molds. | Direct Rub| Purell| Widely in Hospitals| 63% ethyl alcohol| Water, Isopropyl Alcohol, Carbomer, Tocopheryl Acetate, Glycerine, Propylene Glycol, Isopropyl Myrisate, Fragrance| E. coli, Staphylococcus sp. , Streptococcus sp. , Salmonella sp. at > 99. 99| Direct Rub| Germ- X| Desk, Car, Restroom, School, Garage , Retail Counter. | 63% Ethyl Alcohol| Acrylates/C10-30 Alkyl Acrylate Cross polymer, Benzophenone-4, Fragrance with Vitamin E, Glycerine, Tocopherol, Water  | 9. 9% of many common harmful germs and bacterial  | Direct Rub| GermFree| Travel, Hotels & Hospitals| 62% Ethyl Alcohol| | Bacteria, Virus & Fungi| Without water| Hygel| Home & Hospitals | Ethyl Alcohol| Water, isopropyl alcohol, vit A & E, carbomer, glycerine, popylene glycol, fruit fragrance| Germs & Bacteria's| Without Water| Deb Instant FOAM| * * Outdoor * Office/Commercial/Leisure * Medical Rooms ; Laboratories * Food Service ; Catering| 70% Ethyl Alcohol| Water, Bis-PEG-12 Dimethicone, Behentrimon-ium Chloride, PEG-200 Hydrogenat-ed Glyceryl Palmate, PEG-7 Glyceryl Cocoate, Coco-Clucoside, Glyceryl Oleate, Dihydroxyp-ropyl PEG-5 Linoleamm-onim | 99. 99% effective against common germs and bacteria's| Foam basedUsed without water| Aqium| Home & aloevera aqium is hospital formulation| 66% Ethanol| Thickener, Dexpanthen -ol, DL-alpha-tocopheryl acetate, Fragrance, pH neutraliser, Water – purified| Bacteria and Viruses| Apply on dry hands| Avant| Hospitals, Restaurants, fitness centres| 70% Ethyl Alcohol| Isopropanol| Clostridium difficile,Enterococcus faecium; Enterococcus faecalis; and Staphylococcus aureus MMRSA. | Foaming hand sanitizer; apply without water| Germ Out| Schools, Work place,Pub-lic restroom| 70%Isopropanol and 0. 02%Benzalkonium chloride| No inactive ingredients| Bacteria's, Viruses ; Fungi| Gel based used with water| Aquawet| Schools, Hospitals, Public Toilets. | 60% Ethyl Alcohol| Aloe Barbadensis Gel, Carbomer, Fragrance, Tocopheryl Acetate (Vitamin E), Triethanolamine,Water  | 99. % of offending germs| Used without water| Hand Sanitizer Their Ingredients ; Long Term Side Effects: * The research for various commercially available hand sanitizer's shows that most effective sanitizers are those which are alcohol based; and the active ingredient in them is Ethyl Alcohol w hich ranges from 60 to 80 % depending on their efficacy and level of disinfection. * Contradictory evidence about the safety of such topical applications of the alcohol can be found in the scientific literature. * The first and foremost concerns of topical ethanol applications for public health are its carcinogenic effects, as there is unambiguous evidence for the carcinogenicity of ethanol. Topically applied ethanol acts as a skin penetration enhancer and may facilitate the transdermal absorption of xenobiotics (e. g. carcinogenic contaminants in cosmetic formulations). * Alcohol is associated with an increased risk of cancers of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, and oesophagus. * Ethanol use is associated with skin irritation or contact dermatitis, especially in humans with an aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) deficiency. * After regular application of ethanol on the skin (e. g. in the form of hand disinfectants) relatively low but measurable blood concentrations of ethanol and its me tabolite acetaldehyde may occur, which are, however, below acute toxic levels. Besides skin cancer, alcohol abuse has been associated with the development of several skin disorders including psoriasis, discoid eczema and superficial infections. * Using antibacterial hand sanitizer can increase your skin sensitivity to the ultra violet rays that may cause sunburn in sunlight. * Antibacterial hand sanitizer use may cause skin sensitivity in the form of itching, burning sensation or dry skin. Most forms of the sanitizer contain alcohol, which can easily cause redness, dryness and even peeling of skin, especially if used too often. CONCLUSION: The study of various commercially available hand sanitizers provide with the information that alcohol based hand sanitizers are the most effective and having high level out disinfection compared to non-alcohol based ones.Simultaneously, the SDS and various science studies provide the information regarding long term use & side effects of the active ingredients in the hand sanitizers. Even though there is still further research work going on to provide sufficient proofs against topical application Ethanol(ethyl alcohol). Knowing long term side effects of regular use hand sanitizers, it should be concluded it is not always important to use hand sanitizers. The use should be restricted on to visits or work in hospitals or any germ prone place as such the hand sanitizers will help getting rid of germs, bacteria, fungi and virus it won't help getting away from dust and dirt.Hence it is more important to cleans hands with soap and water on regular basis and restrict use of hand sanitizers on to visits to germ prone places. REFRENCES: Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/4521097, Median Biopharma, http://www. hygel. com/hygel/default. htm, http://www. germx. com/product_detail. aspx? id=18, http://dailymed. nlm. nih. gov/dailymed/drugInfo. cfm? id=38145 http://www. majacmedical. com. au/msds/MSDS%20Aqium%20Gel. pd, http://www. b4brands. com/products_avantoriginal_fragrance-free. html http://www. germout. com/germ_out_kill_claims. pdf http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2596158/, PDR Health: Hand Sanitizer, Drug Watch: Hand Sanitizer http://www. livestrong. com/article/174149-antibacterial-hand-sanitizer-side-effects/#ixzz25bhJL12O,

Factors Affecting Fdi Inflow in Tanzania

CHAPTER ONE 1 INTRODUCTION 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF TANZANIA INVESTMENT CENTRE (TIC) Tanzania Investment Centre (TIC) is the primary agency of the Government of Tanzania to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government on investment related matters. TIC is a focal point for investors. It is the first point of call for the potential investors; it is a â€Å"one stop facilitative centre for all investors†, engaging in the business of marketing Tanzania as an investment destination. TIC was established in 1997 by the Tanzania Investment Act No. 26 of 1997 to be â€Å"the primary agency of Government to coordinate, encourage, promote and facilitate investment in Tanzania and to advise the Government in Investment related matters† All Government departments and agencies are required by law to cooperate fully with TIC in facilitating investors. As a primary agency of the Government in all investment matters, TIC is charged with the following functions:- †¢ Assist in establishment of enterprises e. g. ncorporation of enterprises; †¢ Obtain necessary licenses, work permits, visas, approvals, facilities or services; †¢ Sort out any administrative barriers confronting both local and foreign investments; †¢ Promote both foreign and local investment activities; †¢ Secure investment sites and assist investors to establish EPZ projects; †¢ Grant Certificates of Incentives, investment guarantees and register technology agreements for all investments, which a re over and above US $ 300,000 and 100,000 for foreign and local investment respectively; †¢ Provide and disseminate up to date information on existing investment opportunities, benefits or incentives available to investors; and †¢ Assist all investors whether or not registered by TIC. TIC headquarters is in Dar es Salaam, but has established Zonal offices in Kilimanjaro, Mwanza and Mbeya regions in order to assist Investors who are based in nearby regions to access TIC services without necessarily traveling to Dar es Salaam. The Zonal offices are responsible in assisting investors to obtain all relevant permits, approvals and licenses they require in order to set up their businesses. In order to strengthen and expedite facilitation services, ten (10) Senior Officers from Government or its Executive Agencies have been permanently stationed at TIC to serve investors under one roof. Presently these officers include those from:- †¢ Ministry of Land, Housing and Human Settlement Development; †¢ Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA); †¢ Immigration Department; †¢ Ministry of Labor, Employment and Youth Development (Labor Department); †¢ Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing (Directorate Trade); †¢ Business Registration & Licensing Agency (BRELA).? 2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROBLEM FDI has been one of the principal beneficiaries of the liberalization of capital flows over recent decades and now constitutes the major form of capital inflow for many African countries, including some low-income ones like Tanzania. Economies are often considered less vulnerable to external financing difficulties when current account deficits are financed largely by FDI inflows, rather than debt-creating capital flows. There is no denying the importance of FDI inflows both for their contribution to sustaining current account imbalances in countries and for their contribution to broader economic growth, through technological spillovers and competition effects. Recent economic reports show that Tanzania lags behind neighbors Kenya, Democratic Republic of Congo, Zambia and also Madagascar in its ability to attract foreign investors. A ccording to a top economic official, the failure to execute pro-business reforms is keeping prospective foreign investors away from Tanzania. (Konye Obaji Ori, Afrik. com, Thursday September, 2008). The Chief Executive Officer of the Tanzania Investment Centre, Mr Emmanuel Ole Naiko, said â€Å"even countries with less attractive opportunities and resources were receiving more foreign direct investment because the culture of politicking and negative public sentiments against foreign investors in Tanzania were among factors impeding the inflow of investments in the country†. In recent years, the flow of FDI has been steadily growing. From 2004 to 2005, the inflow grew by 29 percent to reach US $ 916 billion). During the same Tanzania attracted US $ 330. 6 million. To ensure maximum benefit to the economy, potential factors affecting FDI flow should be researched periodically. (Tanzania Investment Report, BOT, 2006). A large proportion of the FDI flow into Tanzania has increased from 552 million US Dollars in 2006 to 600 million US Dollars in 2008, ranking the country among the top ten recipients in Africa. Given its dominance in financial globalization and the potential impact to the economies, FDI tend to pose various challenges to individual recipient countries. For example monitoring and evaluation of the inflows, maintaining macroeconomics stability, and undertaking institutional and policy reforms for the purpose or realizing optimal benefits from the inflows. These challenges obligates Tanzania to increase capacity to compete interms of attracting investments, gaining global market shares and improving social economic welfare. Therefore the main objective of TIC is to facilitate Investment for national growth by enhancing an environment conductive for business and entrepreneurship growth hence attracting FDI inflows. 0. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM For the past two decades, Tanzania had been conceiving several efforts to attract Foreign Direct Investment. Major policy and structural reforms carried out since 1980’s played significant role in improving the investment environment in the country. These efforts have resulted into increase in FDI inflows into the country. However the increase in FDI and related investment posed a need to evaluate potential factors that induce the flow of FDI and should be emphases in this issue. The small number of investors in the country is usually contributed to weak economic performance. So it is important to identify factors that affect these investors not to invest in the country. It is also important to recognize the mixture of positive and negative effects of FDI bring into the country. The researcher will evaluate ways which can be used to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to economy growth. Therefore the aim of this study is to identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the flow of FDI into our country. 1. 4 RESEARCH OBJECTIVE 1. 4. 1 General Objective. To identify and evaluate the potential factors that affect the inflow of FDI in Tanzania so that to maximize the effects of FDI hence leading to the growth of economy. 1. 4. 2 Specific Objectives †¢ To identify and evaluate the sources of FDI †¢ To analyze the role of FDI as a source of economic development †¢ To analyze the effects of FDI in the host country and how this can be controlled. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1. 5. General Questions What are the Potential Factors That Affect FDI Inflows? 1. 5. 2 Specific Questions 1) Will policy measures lead to increase/decrease in FDI inflows? 2) What will happen is some companies with foreign ownership maintain offshore accounts, from whi ch their debt servicing is made directly, thus leading to unknown outflow? 3) What policy measures to be taken as FDI inflow into the country come from different countries with different investment requirement hence having different requirements? 4) What is the effect of availability of highly educated and skilled labor in FDI Inflows? 5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH 1. To the Target Government The study will provide information for developing policies on investment promotion and planning on future investment strategies. Also it will help in improving the necessary environment for attracting FDI inflows in the country. 2. To Future Researchers To help other researchers to conduct future study on the same problem given the gaps this might be encountered by the researcher. Also it can be used as reference for literature reviews on the same problem in other areas relating with FDI. 1. 6. 3 To the Researcher 1) The study is the partial fulfillment of the requirements for Post Graduate Diploma in Financial Management to be awarded by the Institute of Finance Management. IFM) 2) The researcher will gain confidence to conduct other research Studies independently at his places of work as to solve long and short term problems due to widened ability in writing and reporting skills. 1. 6. 4 To Investors The study will be of much importance to local and foreign investors, policy makers , donors, academicians as well it will be a useful source of information about the factors that determine FDI inflow in the country. 1. 6. 5 Reference Period The study conducted may be used in the coming three (3) years. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY The study is intended to provide information on the potential factors that affect FDI inflow as well as bring out investors perception of the economy and business environment ranging from macroeconomic situation, infrastructure, financial governance and labour factors. The research will be conducted in Dar es Salaam region at TIC Headquarters and will take approximately two (2) months. The issues to be analyzed here are the potential factors that affect the FDI inflows, the sources of FDI into the country and the impact of FDI to the country both negatively and positively. 8. GAPS TO BE FILLED 1) FDI by locally owned companies has to be analyzed too, as many records shown by the past researchers are for the fully owned by foreigners or partially. 2) To add information on the previously done research on the gap trying to have a census on the set of potential factors affecting FDI inflows. 3) The study will try to overcome or at least reduce the gap as outline above. 9. CONCEPTUAL MODEL Tanzania benefits from FDI because these flows augment the limited Domestic savings and bring with it finance, managerial skills, technology, marketing expertise and market links. However new opportunities also bring risks that should be managed properly, especially in the case of policy reforms e. t. c. 10. ASSUMPTION OF THE STUDY The Researcher anticipates the following assumption in the research process:- 1. 10. 1 Time It is assumed that the time will be sufficient to complete this study. The time given is not sufficient to make the researcher to make a comprehensive study. This implies that the researcher will face difficulties in gathering all the important information for analysis. 1. 10. 2 Respondents It is assumed that some of the respondents will cooperate. Some respondents will also be a problem in the study; this is because of their personal interest and might choose to be untruthful. Also there may be a problem of absence of respondents. 1. 10. 3 Access to Records A problem of fully access to some documents may pose a problem as some documents are termed as very confidential and thus cannot be accessed by anybody especially the outsider. 1. 10. 4 Funds It is assumed that the funds will cover what is on the budget. However any additional costs outside the budgeted one may pose as a problem; as there will be no additional funds from my sponsor. Inexperience in conducting research may lead to some delays hence increase in cost of the study. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 INTRODUCTION Many researcher has been conducted regarding the analyses of the major determinants of FDI flows but did not come to census on what can be specified as a â€Å"set† of major determinants of FDI inflows, as this varies from one country to another and from one host to another. (World Investment Report, 2008). The flow of FDI to different countries is unequal. The major sources and destination of FDI have been the USA, the European Union, and Japan. Europe is currently the largest recipient and source of FDI. Africa has been receiving the lowest share of global FDI despite efforts by African ountries to attract it. However the climate has improved over the past few years. The growth of domestic output has been greater that that of the population for the first time in years. (Recep Kok et al, Analyses of FDI Determinants in Developing Countries, Journal of Social Economics, Volume 36: 1/2 2009 PP105 – 123). Tanzania recei ved US $ 600 million in 2008 and became the third largest recipient of FDI in SADCC region. However Tanzania has an upside potential to attract more FDI because of its continued political stability, promising prospect in the mining and biogas, and tourism. (World Investment Report, 2008). 1 Meaning and Overview of FDI in Tanzania Recep Kok et al, defines Foreign Direct Investment is as a case where a resident entity in one economy acquires lasting interest in an enterprise in another country’s economy with significant degree of influence. The World Investment Report (WIR) 2008, which was launched by the Secretary General of UNCTAD Dr. Panithpakdi, indicates that the FDI inflow in Africa has recorded an impressive performance. It shows that FDI on the continent has hit a record and that Africa has the highest returns on Investment. The Government has continued to improve the country’s investment climate, by introducing different reforms which will be of interest to investors. However as everyone sees, the foreign investment is highly concentrated in some parts of Tanzania, in the big cities like Dar –Es-Salaam, Mbeya, Arusha e. t. c. Also it is concentrated in the mining areas like Geita, Kahama, Nyamongo, and Tulawaka. In areas where the only product obtained there is agriculture, there are no or few investments. (Tanzania Investment Report, 2006). FDI has some components which are:- 1) Direct Equity Investment; 2) Retained earnings attributable to non-residents; 3) Long-term shareholders and inter-company loans; 4) Short-term shareholders and inter-company loans; and 5) Suppliers credits from related companies. The surge of interest in FDI and multinational companies has been so high that in Tanzania there has been a high expectation in terms of what the companies can do and generally on the development effects of FDI. While FDI can, indeed, contribute to national economic and social development in many ways, the engagement and performance of domestic actors are very crucial. The effect of FDI largely depends on the policies of the host country. This goes beyond the mere liberalization of economies. Deliberate measures to develop human capital and physical and social infrastructure can also be valuable ways to enhance the quality of FDI that countries can attract. Tanzania is making major efforts to increase FDI inflow by improving the investment climate. It has embarked on wide-ranging policy, political and institutional reforms aimed at reducing (and if possible removing) barriers to entry of foreign capital, particularly FDI. Trade investment liberalization, privatization and the creation of various incentives for foreign investment have received considerable attention of the government. Regional economic integration bodies and free trade zones have been created to enlarge the size of markets and adopt common investment regimes at sub-regional and regional levels. These efforts are based on recognition that FDI can stimulate economic growth, generate new employment opportunities, promote transfer of new technologies and contribute to environmental sustainability in the region. (Oyeyinka, 2004) 2 FDI Inflow and Prospect for Tanzania Tanzanian’s Foreign Direct Investment has increased by nearly 15 Percent in 2008, mainly due to investment in natural resources Exploration projects already in operation. Tanzania has ranked number 12 among major FDI receiver African countries after Nigeria, Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Equatorial Guinea, Algeria and Tunisia. Other countries ahead of Tanzania are Madagascar, Zambia, Ghana, DRC and Kenya. (World Investment Report, 2008). However, there is no reason why on earth countries like Zambia and Madgascar should surpass Tanzania, particularly when one looks at the natural resources endowments the country enjoys. Tanzania’s problem has been engagement in too many debates, which inhibited some the making of quick and timely decisions. Giving the example of a country like Mozambique, although it was devastated by the war, had managed to successfully develop its coal mines leaving Tanzanians to debate on who should develop Mchuchuma coal or Liganga iron ore deposits. Since early 1986, The Government of Tanzania, with determination, launched a comprehensive economic reforms and stabilization programme. In pursuit of this, agricultural marketing has been liberalized, foreign exchanged controls have been lifted, price deregulated, enhanced private sector involvement in the economy through privatization programme and the new investment code offering competitive incentives has been in place. These comprehensive economic reforms have resulted into improved competitiveness, lower tariffs, increasing levels of foreign investment in trade, improved key economic indicators and rapid integration into world markets. To this end, the Government is currently embarking on a strenuous exercise to upgrade its institutions and bring them at par with international standards. The expectation is to enhance the country’s competitive position for investment flows destined for the region and meet the challenges of globalization. Table 1:GDP Snapshot for 2004 |GPD |US $ 8. 8bn | |GPD per Capita |USD $ 240 | |GPD Growth |4. 3% | |Agriculture Value Added |47. 6% | |Industry Value Added |14. % | |Services Value Added |38. 0% | Source: World Bank Tanzania’s 15 years track record of largely satisfactory reforms has consolidated a favorable macroeconomic environment, which makes it one of the main incentives for foreign investor. Growth per capita is expected to increase by 3. 4% between 2004 and 2009. (Tanzania Investors Guide, 2002 and beyond). Table 2:FDI Inflows, 2004 – 2007 |Year |US $ mn | |2004 |183. 3 | |2005 |350. 5 | |2006 |522 | |2007 |600 | Source: Bank of Tanzania An increase in Foreign Direct Investment, apparently, indicates that the country’s investment environment has increasingly improved in the manner that investors are now able to predict more precisely profits to be accrued from their investment. Table 3: TIC Approval of Foreign Investment 1990 – 2000 |YEAR |US $ mn | |1990 |47. 25 | |1991 |471. 49 | |1992 |204. 9 | |1993 |527. 05 | |1994 |302. 99 | |1995 |263. 42 | |1996 |467. 85 | |1997 |384. 9 | |1998 |1464. 69 | |1999 |1211. | |2000 |767. 77 | Source: Tanzania Investment Centre 2. POTENTIAL FACTORS THAT ATTRACT FDI The literature groups the factors that attract foreign investment into two groups: external â€Å"push factors† and domestic â€Å"pull factors†. Among the â€Å"pull† factors are: a. Economic and political reforms that boost confidence in the economy; b. Reforms such as debt restructuring which ease the long-run foreign exchange constraint and therefore enhance the sustainability of fo reign exchange inflows; c. Liberalization of foreign exchange flows (both current and capital) in the balance of payments; d. Simplication of red-tape requirements for direct and portfolio investment; and liberalization of restrictions on private sector borrowing from a broad; e. Macroeconomic factors, these are fiscal policy, monetary policy, government stability, government spending regulatory frame work, state intervention in private business, and financial sector stability. The government has to have a clear look on these factors as they affect investors operations; f. The infrastructure and public services including inland transport, ports, electricity and water supply, postal services, telecommunications, customs services, immigration facilities, municipal services, banking services and credit rating; g. Diverse factors including corruption, internal security, domestic political scenario, regional political scenario, domestic economic situation, global economic situation and market expansion; h. Governance factors that include regional trade integration, trade policy, investment incentives, bureaucracy, and tax collection efficiency, effectiveness of legal law, land law and administration and speed of decision making; i. Inflation, availability of business credit, interest rate, depreciation on domestic currency, national payment system and exchange control are among the pull factors. Among the â€Å"push† factors are: a. The relative decline in international interest rates (mostly US dollar rates) when compared to interest rates in developing economies; b. Cyclical downturns in economic activity in developed economies, which reduce the demand for investment funds; and c. A move towards intentional diversification of asset portfolios by major portfolio investors such as pension funds and insurance companies. The literature identified both push and pull factors as being behind the increase in capital flows to developing economies in 1990s. However, it is domestic or â€Å"pull† factors over which policy makers can have direct impact in attracting inflows of private capital. (Asea and Reinhart, 1995) 3. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY TANZANIA TO INCREASE FDI INFLOWS There are several ways home countries can increase FDI inflows. These include; a. Reducing political risk by enhancing the credibility of reforms. Sub-Saharan Africa seems to be seen as one homogeneous continent and therefore the bad behavior of few governments often leads to a negative image for all. Credibility also matters for the sustainability of reforms. Reforms that are credible are more likely to be sustainable in the long run as economic agent react positively to policy measures and result in virtuous circle behaviors. (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000) b. Political reforms, political disorder is very damaging to economic growth and is not conducive environment for both domestic and foreign investment (Kasekende and Bhundia, 2000). Political reforms should be aimed at building frameworks that are more inclusive, encourage power sharing and allow for enhanced public participation in political process. c. Insurance against policy risk. Home countries can sign bilateral or multilateral investment treaties that have legally binding elements establishing the obligations of the host country toward foreign investors from other signatory countries. d. Macroeconomic stability should be ensured, as it is prerequisite for attracting sustainable, long-term foreign investment into a country. Hadjmichael et al (1996) conclude â€Å"the most important impact of policies on private investment behavior was through their effect on macroeconomic instability and uncertainty†. This suggests that greater macroeconomic instability can have a considerable adverse impact on domestic and foreign private in investment. e. External burden should be reduced. In many African countries external debt servicing, most of it official, continues to exact a significant burden on finances. In principle, heavy external debt does not automatically translate into low growth. Growth in export earnings can allow for continued importation investment goods to maintain growth while servicing external debt at the same time. However, if borrowed money is invested primarily in non-traded sector; then the situation will arise where the economy is unable to pay for imports required to maintain growth. 4. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF FDI AS A SOURCE OF ECONOMIC GROWTH According to B. Seedha et al in their paper â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa†, FDI is simply a source of capital. The impact of FDI is dependent on what form it takes. This includes types of FDI, sector scale, duration and location of business and secondary effects. It is important to note that while some have experienced growth because of large FDI inflows, others have not. FDI can contribute to gross domestic products, gross fixed capital formation and balance of payments. Other contributions FDI can make to host country economy include assisting in debt servicing repayments, stimulating export markets, and producing foreign exchange revenues. Another aspect of FDI is that it can serve as source for economic development is in currency stability. FDI can contribute to social development by increasing employment and wages and by replacing warning market sector. FDI may offer poverty reduction, since poverty is related with unemployment. High levels of FDI do not necessarily show domestic gain (B. Seedha et al). Other factors may limit the economic gain to the host country’s economy. Example of such factors includes corporate strategies, and importation of goods and resources used in production. However FDI is mostly affected by country’s instability. The gain in employment, wages and so on may be realized by very small part of the population. When this happens wage differences between income groups will increase and the distribution of income may become unequal. Another negative effect of FDI as a source of economy is where the parent companies dominate the local market, leaving the local companies with no where to go. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3. 1. INTRODUCTION This section describes the methodologies framework of the study which includes Research paradigms, Research Design, types of measurements, data collection methods and approach, types of data, sampling techniques, sampling procedures, reliability and validity of data, management and analysis of data and limitations of the study. 3. 2RESEARCH PARADIGMS Paradigms or â€Å"School of Thought† in research scholarship are accepted ways of looking at reality and the consequent approach/methods to generate knowledge that is held by a group of intellectuals who have wide influence in that subject area. The basic premise behind the paradigms is based on how people view reality (Lufumbi, 2008). 3. 3 RESEARCH DESIGN: Research design is the overall plan of the research. It is referred as a blueprint for the collection, measurements and analysis of data. During the study the Case Study design will be used. This is due to the fact that the research will be conducted in a single organization, and also case study design allows variety methods of data collection methods. In addition to that case study design will gives the room to researcher to make rigorous analysis of the organization under the study. Case study design is also less costly compared to other research designs. However the case study design limits the researcher from generalization to other unit of the same kind because it may not be a true representative sample. It allows the researcher to be able to get close to the sources of information. 3. 4 RESEARCH TECHNIQUES: In analysing the data the researcher will adopt both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Tables will also be used by the researcher to present the information where applicable. 3. 5TYPES OF MEASUREMENTS Measurement is a process of assigning numbers to objects or observation, the level of measurement being a function of the rules under which the number assigned (Kothari, 2004). Technically speaking measurement is the process mapping aspects of range according to some rules of correspondence. The measurement of the collected data will be delivered score that will be obtained from the respondent when making sense of data that would make from the research development. The delivered score will be of course those from face to face interview, questionnaires, documentations and observation. 3. 6 SAMPLING TECHNIQUES: The simple Random sampling approach will be used to select the sample. The researcher expects to follow the following approach in selecting the sample:- †¢ All Foreign Investors registered with Tanzania Investment Centre as a population to be studied will be identified through the register. Sample of foreign investors will be drawn randomly. †¢ Judgment approach to sampling will be used to select the items to be studied. 3. 7 DATA COLLECTION METHODS AND APPROACHES The data to be collected are those which will be able to address the research objectives and answer the research questions. Both primary and secondary data will be used in this study and the research intends to use several relevant data collection method to collect them. 3. 7. 1Primary Data Primary data are original works of research or raw data without interpretation or pronouncements that present of official opinion or position. Secondary data are those data obtained from literature sources. These are the ones that have already been collected by the other people for some other purposes. This is second had information. Secondary data include both raw data and published ones (Sunders et al, 2000). The following methods will be used in collecting primary data; Interview: This method will be use for the purpose of seeking clarifications on some of data collected. For this reason the interview will be in form of verbal and unstructured. Questionnaire: The researcher will set relevant questions on factors attracting FDI inflow, and those questionnaires will be distributed to different staffs who will answer them. This method will be used to give adequate time to think about the question and respond to them accordingly. These will be administered to TIC staffs in order to collect data relating to such issues like what they think attract foreign investors to invest in Tanzania, what hinder foreign investors to invest in the country, the advantages of FDI inflow in Tanzania. , and how do they purchase, issue and receive stores. Observation: The researcher will observe and participates directly in daily activities of TIC. This will enable the researcher to analyze each particular activity effectively and appropriately. Also this method will make help to the researcher to detect the behavior of the respondents a) Documentary Source In this course of collecting data, the researcher will be trying to go through different document held by TIC. 2. Secondary Data The researcher will collect secondary data through the review of various literatures from different sources such as minutes, reports, policies and legislation regarding the investments in Tanzania. 7. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF DATA The researcher will make sure the measurable data are valid by controlling the questionnaires, and interview and ensure that are directed to the right person at TIC and make sure the reliability of the data by reviewing information which is from reliable and right documents. 1. Reliability Reliability refers to the question of whether a measuring instrument or process can produce the same results if successively employed by different researchers (Ndunguru, 2007). It refers to the extent to which a measure is giving consistent and stable results in a measurement process. 2. Validity Validity helps us to measure what it sets out to measure consistently and in a stable manner. It refers to persistence of systematic error in measurement process (Ndunguru, 2007). The validity of the research results is ensured id adequate physical or statistical control is put in place such that research measurement process produces accurate data. Generally validity is about a researcher measuring what he/she out to measure. 8. MANAGEMENT AND ANALYSIS OF DATA 1. Data Management Data will be collected from respective sources by using questionnaire, personal interviews. The respondents are randomly selected. However whenever the approached interviewee was not accessible at that time, the next nearest interviewee will be approached. 2. Data Analysis The data collected from questionnaires, interviews and documents is going to be edited, coded and summarized in order to get information relating to problems. The researcher will analyze and test the data using descriptive method, text and schedules, and tables will be used to validate relationship between variables. 3. 9. 3 Data Processing The researcher will use coding in data processing. This includes numbering and heading so as to simplify and reduce the ambiguity to the reader. Collection of data using questionnaire will be entered in the computer so as to make coding. 3. 9. 4 Data Presentation The findings of the study will be presented in a form of narration description with illustration of tables and diagrams where applicable. REFERENCES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY Immanuel D. Mzava & David Hillier (2004) â€Å"Does Country’s Tax Structure determine its Foreign Direct Investment Flow? † The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Barbara Seedha, Lauren Maxwel & Joseph Horton (2000) Foreign Direct Investment in Africa† The African Journal of Finance & Management, Volume 14:1 Bank of Tanzania (2001) â€Å"Report on the Study of Foreign Private Capital Flows in Mainland Tanzania† Tanzania Investment Report. Bank of Tanzania (2006) â€Å"Report on Foreign Private Investment in Tanzaniaà ¢â‚¬  Tanzania Investment Report. Recep Kok & Bernur Acikgoz Ersoy (2009) â€Å"Analyses of FDI determinants in Developing Countries† International Journal of Social Economics Volume 36: ? PP 105 – 123 www. emeraldinsight. com Bhinda, N and M. Martin (1994). â€Å"Eastern Africa – Survey of Foreign Investors†, Report by Exocomisti Association for the World Bank. Chege, M (1999). Politics of Development: Institutions and National Governance†, Paper presented for Africa in the 21st Century Initiative (Washington D. C†¦ World Bank) IMF (1999). â€Å"The Cross-Border Initiative in Eastern and Southern Africa†, African and Policy Development and Review Department, IMF. Kasekende L. and I. Hussain (1997). â€Å"Private Capital Flows to Sub-Saharan Africa: What’s the Real Story? Paper presented at Seminar, A New Paradigm of Financing Development and Development Cooperation, March 1997, Stockholm. Kasekende L. , D. Kitabire and M. Marti n (1998). â€Å"Capital Inflows and Macroeconomic Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa†, in G. K. Hellier (1998). Capital Accounts Regimes and Developing Countries (London: Macmillan Press) Kasekende L. and A. Bhundia (2000). â€Å"Attracting Capital Inflow to Africa: Essential Elements of a Policy Package. Advanced Unedited Copy. UNCTAD (1999), â€Å"Foreign Direct Investment in Africa: Performance and Potential†, (New York and Geneva, 1999). TIC (2002 and beyond). â€Å"Tanzania Investors Guide: Investment Opportunities and Facilitation† (United Republic of Tanzania, March 2002) C. Makunike (Tuesday, September 30, 2008). â€Å"Tanzania’s Foreign Direct Investment inflow up by 15 Percent†. (www. tradeafrica. com) D. Makangale (Thursday, January 22, 2009). â€Å"Investment Climate Attractive† (Tanzania: Daily News Paper) Macias J. B and Massa I. (June 2009). The Global Financial Crisis and Sub-Saharan Africa: The Effects of Slowing Private Capital Inflow on Growth† Results of ODI Research Presented in Preliminary Form for Discussion and Critical Comment. (London: Overseas Development Institute). Oyeyinka, B. (2004). â€Å"How c an Africa Benefit from Globalization†? ATPS Special Paper Series No. 17 www. tic. co. tz visited on 3rd March 2010 APPENDICES APPENDIX I Institute of Finance Management, P. O. Box 3918, Dar es Salaam, 10TH March, 2010. Dear Respondent, I am a student at the Institute of Finance Management undertaking Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I am researching on the â€Å"Potential Factors that Affect Foreign Direct Investment Inflow in Tanzania†. The questionnaire aims at finding data for a research paper to be presented to the Institute of Finance Management as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Award of Postgraduate Diploma in Financial Management. I kindly request you to put a tick after appropriate answer and where applicable explain why when requested to do so. The information you give will be strictly confidential and will be used for the purpose of this research. Thanking you in advance. Yours truly, Kwareh, Karerema R. APPENDIX II RESEARCH QUESTIONNAIRE A: GENERAL INFORMATION Date completed: ________/_______/_________ Centre Name: ______________________________________ Name and position of the person completing this questionnaire: ____________________________________________________________ _ Centre Address: _____________________________________________ Tel: __________________ Fax: _______________ E-mail: ____________ Please give details of alternative person whom I may contact incase I have any questions: __________________________________________________________ Date of Commencing Operations: _____________/ _____________/ __________ B: GENERAL QUESTIONS 1. To what extent have the following macroeconomic factors affected investment in our country? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | –ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Fiscal policy( ) ( ) Monetary policy( ) ( ) Government Stability( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 2. To what extent have the availability of condition of the following I nfrastructures and services affected in our country? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inland transport (roads, rails)( ) ( ) Access to seaport( ) ( ) Airport and Air transportation( ) ( ) Electricity supply( ) ( ) Water supply( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ ______ 3. To what extent have the following financial factors affected investment in Tanzania? Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Inflation( ) ( ) Availability of business finances/credit( ) ( ) Interest rates ( ) ( ) Depreciation of domestic currency( ) ( ) Exchange Control( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 4. To what extent the following governance factors affected investment opportunities in Tanzania? |Very strong +ve effect|Strong |Limited +ve Effect |No Effect |Limited |Strong |Very Strong –ve Effect| | |+ve effect | | |–ve Effect |–ve Effect | | |1 |2 |3 |4 |5 |6 |7 | At start – upNow Regional Trade( ) ( ) Trade policy( ) ( ) Bureaucracy ( ) ( ) Tax collection efficiency( ) ( ) Land law & administration( ) ( ) Please add any additional Information ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________ 5. Please specify the most important factors that influence your initial decision to invest in Tanzania? ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ______________________________ 6. What is the likely direction of foreign direct investment in Tanzania in the medium term? Please tick appropriate box |Expansion |No Change |Contraction | | | | | 7. What measures can the government undertake to improve investor’s attractiveness to continue investing in Tanzania and attract new investors? a. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ b. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ c. ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ d. ____________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ Thank you for your time. APPENDIX III TIME SCHEDULE This timetable will be of great help to me as a researc her to organize activities to be carried out and allocate the time accordingly. This will act as my guideline. The estimated time of conducting the research is 9 weeks. |Week |Activity | |1st – 2nd Week |Preliminary preparation i. e. research proposal, budget, finding the | | |assistant for help if necessary e. t. c. |3rd – 4th Week |Preparation of questionnaires, visiting the respondents and distribution | | |of questionnaires | |5th – 6th Week |Collection of questionnaire from respondents, analysis of the data, | | |verification and processing | |7th – 8th Week |Revising the paper, re-writing and bidding | |9th Week |Presenting the paper and defending | APPENDIX IV RESEARCH BUDGET |1. 0 |STATIONARY |TSHS | |1. 1 |Ream of ruled paper x2 @ 7,000 | 14,000 | |1. 2 |Ream of A4 plain papers x 2 @ 8,000 | 16,000 | |1. |Flash Disk x 1 @ 50,000 | 50,000 | |1. 4 |Ball pen, pencil, collection fluid | 10,000 | |2. 0 |SECRETARIAL SERVICES | | |2. 1 |Proposal: Typ ing and printing x 2 copies | 100,000 | |2. 2 |Research: Typing and printing x 2 copies | 150,000 | |2. 3 |Binding | 50,000 | |2. 4 |Photocopying of documents | 20,000 | |3. |RESEARCH EXPENSES | | |3. 1 |Assistance Researcher | 80,000 | |3. 2 |Transport to and fro | 250,000 | |3. 3 |Breakfast/lunch e. t. c | 100,000 | |3. 4 |Consultation | 50,000 | | |Sub-total | 890,000 | | |+ Contingency 30% |1,157,000 |